Quick Answer: The best spur gear selection depends on your driving style and RC car type. For speed-focused racing, the Traxxas 47T spur gear ($15-25) offers excellent acceleration and top speed, while the Associated 48T spur gear ($12-18) provides a balanced middle ground for versatile driving. For crawling and torque-heavy applications, the Axial heavy-duty steel spur gear ($18-28) delivers maximum durability. Most enthusiasts recommend keeping 2-3 different gear ratios on hand to adapt to varying terrain and racing conditions.
Table of Contents
Spur Gear Comparison Table
| Product | Price (USD) | Best For | Key Feature | Where to Buy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traxxas 47T Aluminum Spur Gear | $15-25 | Speed racing, 2WD buggies | Lightweight, fast acceleration | Check Price on Amazon |
| Associated 48T Spur Gear | $12-18 | Balanced driving, versatile terrain | Mid-range ratio, durable plastic | View on Amazon |
| Axial Steel Heavy-Duty Spur Gear | $18-28 | Rock crawling, extreme terrain | Steel construction, maximum torque | See on Amazon |
| Team Losi 64P Spur Gear 50T | $14-22 | Off-road racing, 1/10 buggies | Precision cut, 64 pitch standard | Buy on Amazon |
| Tamiya Stainless Steel Spur Gear | $20-32 | Touring cars, high-stress driving | Corrosion resistant, lightweight | Check Availability |
| XRAY Steel Spur Gear 45T | $22-35 | Competition racing, high torque | Precision-machined, racing grade | View on Amazon |
| Arrma Steel Spur Gear 52T | $16-26 | Basher trucks, high-impact driving | Durable, high torque output | Buy on Amazon |
| HPI Racing Spur Gear Kit | $19-29 | Multiple drivetrain types, versatility | Multi-tooth set, quick changes | See on Amazon |
Understanding Spur Gear Basics
Before diving into specific selections, it’s essential to understand what makes a spur gear crucial to your RC car’s performance. The spur gear is the large gear mounted on the main transmission shaft that drives your vehicle forward. It meshes with the pinion gear (a much smaller gear connected to your motor) to transfer rotational power from the engine to the wheels.
The tooth count on your spur gear directly determines your car’s gear ratio—the relationship between motor speed and wheel speed. A smaller spur gear (fewer teeth, like 45T) creates a higher gear ratio, meaning the motor spins faster relative to the wheels, resulting in higher top speed but slower acceleration. Conversely, a larger spur gear (more teeth, like 52T) creates a lower gear ratio, emphasizing acceleration and torque at the expense of top speed.
Your choice significantly impacts battery life, motor heat generation, handling characteristics, and overall driving experience. The right selection requires matching your spur gear to your motor, ESC, and driving intentions. Let’s explore how to make the perfect choice for your specific setup.
Budget Spur Gears ($12-18)
Best for Beginners and Casual Drivers
If you’re just starting out or running a budget-friendly RC car setup, budget-tier spur gears offer solid performance without breaking the bank. The Associated 48T spur gear stands out in this category, providing a versatile middle-ground ratio suitable for most driving conditions.
Who should buy budget spur gears:
- Beginners experimenting with different setups
- Casual backyard bashers
- Budget-conscious hobbyists building their first kit
- Drivers looking for reliable backup gears
Recommended budget options:
- Associated 48T Spur Gear ($12-18) – The gold standard in budget spur gears. This 48-tooth plastic gear provides excellent durability for the price and works with most 1/10-scale vehicles. Check price on Amazon
- Traxxas 49T Spur Gear ($13-17) – Designed specifically for Traxxas vehicles, this gear offers slightly higher top speed than the 48T. Perfect if you own a Rustler, Slash, or Stampede. View on Amazon
- Losi Spur Gear 50T ($14-20) – Great all-purpose option for Losi vehicles and compatible platforms. Offers balanced acceleration and speed. See on Amazon
Budget gears are typically made from reinforced nylon or composite plastic, which provides sufficient durability for casual driving while keeping costs low. However, they may show wear faster than aluminum or steel alternatives under heavy use.
Mid-Range Spur Gears ($18-28)
Perfect for Serious Hobbyists and Regular Racers
Mid-range spur gears represent the sweet spot for most serious RC enthusiasts. These products offer significantly improved durability, precision, and variety compared to budget alternatives while remaining reasonably priced. Many competition racers prefer this tier because it balances performance gains with cost-effectiveness.
Who should buy mid-range spur gears:
- Regular weekend racers
- Drivers upgrading from budget equipment
- Those seeking longer gear lifespan
- Competitors requiring precise gear ratios
- Builders of high-performance 1/8-scale vehicles
Top mid-range recommendations:
Traxxas 47T Aluminum Spur Gear ($15-25) – This is the workhorse of RC car racing. The aluminum construction is significantly lighter than plastic while maintaining excellent durability. The 47-tooth count creates an aggressive gear ratio perfect for 2WD buggy racing and speed-focused driving. Buy on Amazon
Axial Steel Heavy-Duty Spur Gear ($18-28) – Purpose-built for rock crawlers and extreme terrain driving, this steel gear prioritizes durability and torque output. The heavier weight isn’t a disadvantage for crawling applications where maximum grip matters more than speed. Check price on Amazon
Team Losi 64P 50T Spur Gear ($14-22) – Precision-cut to 64 pitch specifications (the industry standard), this gear delivers consistent performance across multiple vehicle platforms. The standardized pitch means it’s compatible with most modern RC cars. View on Amazon
HPI Racing Spur Gear Kit ($19-29) – Rather than buying individual gears, this kit provides multiple tooth-count options, allowing you to experiment and find the perfect ratio for various conditions. See on Amazon
Mid-range gears are where you’ll find significant performance improvements. Aluminum construction reduces weight and heat generation, while steel options provide unmatched durability. The enhanced precision manufacturing means better meshing with your pinion gear and smoother power delivery.
Premium Spur Gears ($28-40+)
For Competition-Level Performance
Premium spur gears are engineered for the most demanding applications: national-level racing, extreme terrain challenges, and high-performance builds. These gears feature cutting-edge materials, precision manufacturing tolerances, and optimized designs for maximum performance.
Who should buy premium spur gears:
- Professional or semi-professional racers
- Drivers competing at regional/national levels
- Those building ultra-high-performance vehicles
- Enthusiasts wanting the absolute best components
- Drivers with 1/8-scale performance vehicles
Premium selections:
XRAY Steel Spur Gear 45T ($22-35) – XRAY manufactures some of the most precisely engineered RC car components in the world. This 45-tooth steel gear is designed for maximum acceleration and is the choice of competitive racers worldwide. The ultra-tight manufacturing tolerances mean virtually no gear play or mesh variation. Check availability on Amazon
Tamiya Stainless Steel Spur Gear ($20-32) – Tamiya’s premium offering combines stainless steel construction with their legendary precision. The corrosion-resistant properties make these gears ideal for extreme wet or humid conditions. Buy on Amazon
Arrma Steel Spur Gear 52T ($16-26) – Don’t let the moderate price fool you—Arrma’s engineering is top-notch. The 52-tooth ratio is perfect for 1/8-scale monster trucks requiring serious torque output. The hardened steel handles repeated high-impact driving without degradation. View on Amazon
Tekno EB410 Precision Spur Gear Set ($28-40) – Tekno’s racing-grade spur gear set includes multiple ratios with exceptional precision. Each tooth is individually manufactured to exacting standards, ensuring perfect mesh characteristics. See on Amazon
Premium gears justify their cost through exceptional longevity, minimal gear mesh wear, and optimized performance characteristics. For competitive racers, the slight performance gains from precision engineering can mean the difference between first and second place.
Deep Dive: Top Spur Gear Products
Traxxas 47T Aluminum Spur Gear
Who it’s for: Speed-focused racers, 2WD buggy enthusiasts, and anyone wanting maximum acceleration with a lightweight option.
Key specifications and features:
- 47-tooth count = aggressive acceleration (high gear ratio)
- Aluminum construction = 30% lighter than plastic
- Standard 32-pitch compatibility with most Traxxas vehicles
- Precision-molded for consistent gear mesh
- Available in anodized colors for identification
- Works with standard pinion gears without modification
Price range: $15-25 USD
Pros:
- Lightweight reduces overall vehicle weight and inertia
- Excellent acceleration characteristics for racing
- Reduced motor heat generation compared to larger ratios
- Widely available and affordable
- Compatible with multiple Traxxas platforms
- Proven in countless racing applications
Cons:
- Lower top speed compared to 48T+ gears
- May overheat motor if paired with too-powerful ESC
- Aluminum is softer than steel (slightly higher wear rate)
- Not ideal for rock crawling or low-speed torque applications
Axial Steel Heavy-Duty Spur Gear
Who it’s for: Rock crawler enthusiasts, extreme terrain drivers, and anyone prioritizing durability over speed.
Key specifications and features:
- Steel construction = maximum wear resistance
- Typically 50-52 teeth for enhanced torque
- Purpose-designed for low-speed, high-force applications
- Hardened teeth resist stripping and wear
- Compatible with Axial platforms and adapters
- Heavy-duty designed for high-impact terrain
Price range: $18-28 USD
Pros:
- Exceptional durability in extreme conditions
- Maximum torque output for crawling
- Tooth loss virtually impossible with steel construction
- Perfect for wet/muddy environments
- Ideal for modified high-torque motor builds
- Lifetime lifespan in most crawling applications
Cons:
- Significantly heavier than aluminum or plastic
- Added weight reduces acceleration
- Overkill for casual speed racing
- Higher price than equivalent plastic gears
- May require motor tuning to avoid excessive heat
XRAY Steel Spur Gear 45T
Who it’s for: Competition racers, performance enthusiasts, and drivers building world-class racing machines.
Key specifications and features:
- 45-tooth count = highest gear ratio (maximum acceleration)
- Steel construction = superior precision and durability
- Precision-machined to +/- 0.05mm tolerances
- Ultra-thin tooth profile for minimal drag
- Racing-grade material science
- Perfect mesh characteristics with matching pinions
Price range: $22-35 USD
Pros:
- Best acceleration of any widely-available spur gear
- Racing-proven at elite competition levels
- Precision manufacturing ensures zero gear play
- Steel durability with racing performance
- Perfect for 1/10 and 1/8 scale vehicles
- Ideal pairing with brushless ESCs
Cons:
- Highest price point limits casual buyers
- Significantly lower top speed than 48T+ options
- Requires high-quality pinion matching
- Motor heat management critical
- Overkill for casual weekend driving
Team Losi 64P 50T Spur Gear
Who it’s for: Off-road racers, multi-platform builders, and drivers wanting the industry standard.
Key specifications and features:
- 64 pitch = industry standard specification
- 50-tooth count = balanced acceleration and top speed
- Reinforced plastic composite = durability with lower cost
- Universal compatibility across platforms
- Consistent manufacturing quality
- Popular for 1/10 buggies and trucks
Price range: $14-22 USD
Pros:
- 64P standard ensures compatibility with other gears
- 50T ratio offers genuine all-around versatility
- Excellent value for quality and performance
- Works across multiple vehicle platforms
- Proven in countless racing applications
- Reasonable price with solid durability
Cons:
- Plastic construction lighter wear resistance than aluminum/steel
- Not optimized for extreme crawling
- Median performance (not fastest or most powerful)
- Teeth may show wear with extended high-power use
Tamiya Stainless Steel Spur Gear
Who it’s for: Touring car racers, wet-weather drivers, and those seeking corrosion resistance.
Key specifications and features:
- Stainless steel = corrosion-resistant construction
- Lightweight compared to standard steel
- Precision engineered by Tamiya’s racing division
- Designed for touring car specifications
- Compatible with Tamiya platforms and standards
- Superior longevity in harsh conditions
Price range: $20-32 USD
Pros:
- Corrosion resistance ideal for wet climates
- Lighter weight than standard steel
- Proven Tamiya engineering and quality
- Excellent for coastal or humid environments
- Long-lasting even with minimal maintenance
- Premium construction quality
Cons:
- More expensive than plastic alternatives
- Not as widely compatible as some options
- Stainless slightly less durable than hardened steel
- Better suited to touring cars than off-road
Arrma Steel Spur Gear 52T
Who it’s for: 1/8-scale monster truck owners, high-torque builds, and extreme bashers.
Key specifications and features:
- 52-tooth count = maximum torque emphasis
- Hardened steel construction
- Designed for Arrma’s high-power platforms
- Handles extreme impact and stress
- Heat-treated for superior wear resistance
- Perfect for modified motor builds
Price range: $16-26 USD
Pros:
- Maximum torque output for powerful motors
- Steel durability handles extreme use
- Excellent for basher applications
- Competitive pricing for steel option
- Compatible with most 1/8-scale vehicles
- Proven with high-power brushless systems
Cons:
- Lowest top speed due to high tooth count
- Added weight affects acceleration slightly
- May require ESC current limiting tuning
- Not optimal for speed-focused racing
Spur Gear Selection and Setup Guide
Selecting the perfect spur gear requires understanding your specific application, motor characteristics, and driving preferences. This comprehensive guide walks you through the process step-by-step.
Step 1: Determine Your Vehicle Type and Application
Your RC car’s primary purpose heavily influences gear selection. A rock crawler needs maximum torque and durability, while a 2WD buggy prioritizes acceleration and speed. Consider whether you primarily drive:
- Off-road racing: Choose 47-50T gears for balanced performance
- Speed racing/2WD: Select 45-47T gears for aggressive acceleration
- Rock crawling: Pick 50-54T steel gears for maximum torque
- Touring/track: Go with 48-50T for consistent lap times
- Casual bashing: Use 48-52T for durable all-purpose performance
Step 2: Check Motor and ESC Compatibility
Before purchasing any spur gear, verify your current motor and ESC specifications. A high-KV brushless motor (faster) pairs well with larger spur gears (higher tooth count), while low-KV motors work better with smaller spur gears. Check your brushless ESC’s manual for recommended gear ratios.
What you need:
- Motor specifications (KV rating, pole count)
- ESC manual or specifications
- Current battery setup (voltage, capacity)
- Current spur and pinion gear information
- Vehicle’s intended purpose documentation
- Optional: gear ratio calculator app for precise math
Step 3: Calculate Your Desired Gear Ratio
Gear ratio is calculated by dividing spur gear teeth by pinion gear teeth. For example: 50T spur ÷ 13T pinion = 3.85:1 ratio. A higher ratio emphasizes acceleration; a lower ratio emphasizes top speed.
Reference chart for common ratios:
- 3.0-3.5:1 = Maximum top speed, minimum acceleration (speed racing)
- 3.5-4.0:1 = Balanced performance (most versatile)
- 4.0-4.5:1 = Acceleration emphasis (off-road)
- 4.5-5.5:1 = Maximum torque (crawling)
Step 4: Select Material Type
Choose between three primary material options:
- Plastic/Composite – Budget-friendly ($12-18), sufficient for casual driving, lighter weight. Adequate lifespan for recreational use.
- Aluminum – Performance-oriented ($15-28), lighter than steel with reasonable durability. Best for speed racing.
- Steel – Durability champion ($18-35), maximum wear resistance and precision. Ideal for extreme applications and competition.
Step 5: Verify Pitch Compatibility
Ensure your new spur gear matches your pinion’s pitch specification. The two most common are:
- 32 pitch – Primarily Traxxas and associated platforms
- 64 pitch – Industry standard for modern 1/10 vehicles
Mixing pitches causes poor mesh, excessive wear, and potential damage. Always confirm both gears use matching pitch specifications.
Step 6: Installation and Mesh Adjustment
Once you receive your new spur gear, installation requires careful attention to mesh with the pinion:
- Remove the vehicle’s main shaft and old spur gear
- Slide the new spur gear onto the shaft, ensuring it sits flush
- Reinstall the shaft and secure retaining clips
- Adjust mesh gap: insert a piece of thin paper between gears; it should slide with slight resistance
- Spin wheels by hand—they should rotate smoothly without grinding
- Test drive and listen for grinding or skipping sounds
- Adjust pivot points if necessary to perfect the mesh
Pro tip: Take a photo of your old gear’s installation before removal to ensure correct reinstallation orientation.
Step 7: Break-In and Testing
New gears require a break-in period to achieve optimal performance:
- Start with conservative throttle inputs for the first 10 minutes
- Gradually increase power and driving intensity
- Monitor motor temperature (should be warm but not hot)
- Listen for unusual grinding, clicking, or skipping
- After break-in, perform full-power testing
- Document performance metrics for future reference
Common Spur Gear Mistakes to Avoid
Even experienced RC enthusiasts sometimes make gear selection errors. Understanding these common pitfalls prevents costly mistakes and disappointing performance.
- Selecting gear ratio based solely on speed claims – Why it’s a problem: Top speed numbers are meaningless without considering acceleration, handling, and motor heat. A gear that maxes out speed might leave you sluggish off the line and overheat your motor within minutes. The fix: Balance your selection to match your actual driving style and terrain, not just speed specs.
- Ignoring motor KV rating when choosing tooth count – Why it’s a problem: A high-KV brushless motor (4500+ KV) paired with a small 45T spur gear creates sky-high RPMs that overheat motors and drain batteries dangerously fast. Conversely, a low-KV motor with a large 54T gear struggles to accelerate. The fix: Consult your motor manufacturer’s recommended gear ranges and ESC documentation before purchasing.
- Mixing different pitch specifications – Why it’s a problem: A 32-pitch spur gear meshhed with a 64-pitch pinion creates horrible grinding, accelerated wear, and potential tooth stripping. The mismatch causes binding and inconsistent power delivery. The fix: Always verify both gears use identical pitch specifications (32 or 64 pitch) before installation.
- Upgrading to steel without adjusting driving style – Why it’s a problem: Steel gears distribute loads differently than plastic. If you immediately drive at maximum power without adjustment, you risk snapping shafts, stripping other drivetrain components, or overheating the ESC. The fix: After upgrading to steel gears, gradually increase power levels and monitor all drivetrain components for stress.
- Using worn-out spur gears with new pinions (or vice versa) – Why it’s a problem: Mesh wear on one gear creates a mismatch with a fresh gear, causing the new component to wear abnormally fast and creating noise/binding. The fix: Replace spur and pinion gears together as a matched pair, or at minimum, run-in worn gears properly with new mates.
- Selecting gear ratios based on vehicle weight rather than motor power – Why it’s a problem: A lightweight plastic car with a powerful 3500-KV motor needs higher tooth counts to manage heat and power. A heavy truck with a weak 2000-KV motor needs lower tooth counts for adequate acceleration. The fix: Prioritize motor power and ESC specifications over vehicle weight when selecting tooth count.
- Failing to adjust mesh after spur gear installation – Why it’s a problem: Improper mesh (too tight or too loose) causes premature wear, grinding sounds, and reduced efficiency. Too tight strains the motor; too loose allows skipping and slipping. The fix: Always perform the paper-test mesh adjustment and listen carefully during break-in for any abnormal sounds. Fine-tune pivot position as needed.
Advanced Tuning: Spur Gear Selection for Specific Conditions
Hot Weather and Thermal Management
Racing in hot climates requires more conservative gear ratios to prevent motor and ESC overheating. Choose one tooth size larger (like 49T instead of 48T) to reduce RPM and heat generation. Consider adding aluminum heatsinks to your ESC and motor to maximize cooling efficiency.
Wet and Muddy Terrain
Wet conditions increase ground resistance and require more torque for consistent traction. Use a larger spur gear (52-54T for 1/10 scale) to maintain power delivery through thick mud. Steel or hardened gears resist corrosion better; aluminum may suffer oxidation issues.
High-Altitude Driving
Thin air reduces cooling efficiency, requiring more conservative gear ratios. Drop one tooth size (like 47T instead of 48T) and ensure adequate ventilation for your ESC and motor to prevent thermal throttling.
Multi-Surface Terrain
If you frequently switch between paved tracks, dirt, and grass, the 48-50T range provides the most versatility. This mid-range selection balances acceleration and top speed across diverse conditions.
Related Guides
For comprehensive RC car performance optimization, explore these related resources:
- RC Car Slipper Clutch Setup Guide 2026: Expert Tips for Perfect Adjustment – Learn how to pair your spur gear selection with proper slipper clutch tuning for maximum performance.
- Best Brushless ESC for 1/8 Scale Truck 2026: Complete Buyer’s Guide with Top Picks – Ensure your ESC matches your spur gear selection for optimal power management.
- How to Set Up RC Car Steering Geometry: Expert Guide for Perfect Alignment & Handling in 2026 – Perfect your vehicle’s handling characteristics alongside gear optimization.
- RC Car Not Fast Enough? Here’s 10 Reasons Why – How to Make RC Cars Go Faster – Spur gear selection is critical for performance; this guide explores all speed-boosting strategies.
Spur Gear Selection FAQ
What tooth count should I use for rock crawling?
For rock crawling and extreme terrain, use the highest tooth count available—typically 52-54T for 1/10 scale and 48-50T for 1/8 scale vehicles. Maximum torque is essential for maintaining traction on rocks and climbing steep inclines. Steel construction is strongly recommended. View crawling gears on Amazon
Can I use a spur gear from one brand on a different manufacturer’s vehicle?
Yes, as long as both gears share identical pitch specifications (32-pitch or 64-pitch). Traxxas gears work with most brands using 32-pitch, while 64-pitch is the modern industry standard. Always verify compatibility before purchasing to avoid expensive mistakes.
How often should I replace my spur gear?
Spur gear lifespan depends on material, driving intensity, and maintenance. Plastic gears typically last 20-40 hours of driving; aluminum 40-80 hours; steel 100+ hours. Inspect your gear monthly for tooth wear, chips, or cracks. Replace immediately if teeth become significantly worn or if you notice gear skipping.
What’s the difference between 32-pitch and 64-pitch gears?
Pitch refers to tooth size and spacing. 32-pitch gears have larger teeth and are primarily used by Traxxas and older platforms. 64-pitch is the modern industry standard found on most contemporary 1/10-scale vehicles. The two pitches are not compatible—using mismatched pitches causes grinding and accelerated wear.
Should I buy aluminum or steel spur gears?
Choose aluminum for speed racing applications where weight reduction matters and durability is adequate. Select steel for rock crawling, extreme bashing, and competition racing where maximum durability and precision are critical. Steel costs slightly more but lasts considerably longer under heavy use.
How do I know if my spur gear mesh is correct?
The paper-test method is industry standard: insert a piece of thin paper (like copy paper) between the spur and pinion gears. It should slide through with slight resistance—not too tight (grinding) or too loose (skipping). When properly meshed, spinning the wheels by hand should be smooth with no grinding sounds.
Will a smaller spur gear make my RC car faster?
Yes, a smaller spur gear (fewer teeth) creates a higher gear ratio, increasing top speed but reducing acceleration. For example, a 47T gear produces higher top speed than a 50T gear. However, this comes at the cost of acceleration and motor efficiency, so balance is crucial. Check high-speed gears on Amazon
What spur gear ratio is best for beginners?
The 48-50T range offers the best learning platform because it balances acceleration and top speed across diverse driving conditions. This mid-range selection forgives minor setup mistakes and works well on varied terrain. Once you understand how gear ratios affect performance, you can experiment with more aggressive or conservative options.
Can I run a smaller spur gear than recommended by the manufacturer?
You can, but it increases motor stress, heat generation, and battery drain significantly. Before attempting this, ensure your motor and ESC can handle the increased RPM and current draw. Monitor motor temperature closely, as overheating may permanently damage windings. Always increase gear size gradually rather than making drastic changes.
How does battery voltage affect spur gear selection?
Higher voltage systems (like 6S LiPo versus 3S) generate higher motor RPM, requiring larger spur gears to manage the increased power. When upgrading your battery voltage, increase spur gear tooth count by 1-2 teeth and monitor motor temperature carefully during initial testing. Ensure your battery setup is properly configured and safely stored
Conclusion: Making Your Final Spur Gear Selection
Choosing the perfect spur gear represents one of the most impactful decisions you can make for your RC car’s performance. Whether you prioritize blazing speed, climbing ability, durability, or all-around versatility, understanding the relationship between tooth count, material, and driving application is essential.
For speed-focused racing, the Traxxas 47T aluminum gear remains an excellent choice, offering proven performance at reasonable cost. Serious racers should investigate the XRAY 45T steel option for ultimate competition performance. For versatile all-around driving, the Associated 48T provides unbeatable balance.
Remember that spur gear selection doesn’t exist in isolation—it’s part of a complete system including motor, ESC, battery, and transmission. Take time to understand your specific vehicle’s requirements, verify compatibility before purchasing, and don’t hesitate to experiment with different ratios to find your personal sweet spot. The small cost difference between gear options is worthwhile when it means discovering the perfect setup that makes your RC car a joy to drive.
Start with mid-range recommendations if you’re uncertain, invest in quality materials like aluminum or steel for regular use, and always keep spare gears on hand for quick track-side adjustments. With proper selection and care, your spur gears will deliver consistent performance for countless exciting driving sessions.